Society & Government

20 words

1. 1

   electoral systemnoun phrase/ɪˈlɛktərəl ˈsɪstəm/

   The rules and methods a country uses to hold elections and choose representatives.

   “Many experts argue that a proportional electoral system leads to fairer representation.”

2. 2

   political stabilitynoun phrase/pəˈlɪtɪkəl stəˈbɪlɪti/

   A condition in which a country's government and political institutions are steady and not prone to sudden change or unrest.

   “Foreign investors value political stability when choosing where to invest.”

3. 3

   government regulationnoun phrase/ˈɡʌvənmənt ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

   Rules and controls that a government puts in place to manage behaviour or activities.

   “Stricter government regulation on emissions could improve air quality.”

4. 4

   formulate policiesverb phrase/ˈfɔːmjʊleɪt ˈpɒlɪsiz/

   To design or create policies carefully, usually by experts or government bodies.

   “The ministry will formulate policies to support start-ups next year.”

5. 5

   raise public awarenessverb phrase/reɪz ˈpʌblɪk əˈweərnəs/

   To make the general public more informed about an issue or problem.

   “Campaigns to raise public awareness of recycling have increased participation.”

6. 6

   public sectornoun phrase/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɛktər/

   The part of the economy that is controlled or funded by the government, such as public services and agencies.

   “Employment in the public sector often provides more job security than in the private sector.”

7. 7

   unemployment ratenoun phrase/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt reɪt/

   the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed

   “The unemployment rate climbed to 7% last year.”

8. 8

   voter turnoutnoun/ˈvəʊtər ˈtɜːnaʊt/

   the proportion of eligible people who actually vote in an election

   “High voter turnout is often seen as a sign of a healthy democracy.”

9. 9

   budget deficitnoun/ˈbʌdʒɪt ˈdɛfɪsɪt/

   the shortfall that occurs when a government's spending exceeds its revenue

   “A large budget deficit can increase national debt if not controlled.”

10. 10

    civil societynoun phrase/ˌsɪvəl səˈsaɪəti/

    groups and organisations outside the government that represent people and influence society

    “A strong civil society can pressure governments to improve transparency.”

11. 11

    minimum wagenoun phrase/ˈmɪnɪməm weɪdʒ/

    the lowest hourly, daily or monthly pay that employers are legally allowed to pay workers

    “Raising the minimum wage is a hot topic in the election.”

12. 12

    political partiesnoun/pəˈlɪtɪk(ə)l ˈpɑːtiz/

    organized groups that seek to gain power in government through elections

    “Major political parties debated their platforms before the election.”

13. 13

    civil libertiesnoun/ˈsɪvəl ˈlɪbətiz/

    basic freedoms and rights that protect individuals from government interference

    “The government must protect civil liberties even during times of crisis.”

14. 14

    national securitynoun phrase/ˌnæʃənəl sɪˈkjʊərɪti/

    the protection of a nation's citizens, territory, and institutions from external or internal threats

    “The new law was justified on the grounds of national security.”

15. 15

    immigration policynoun phrase/ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən ˈpɒlɪsi/

    a government's set of rules and decisions about who may enter, stay, or become a citizen

    “After the crisis, the government tightened its immigration policy.”

16. 16

    public spendingnoun/ˈpʌblɪk ˈspɛndɪŋ/

    money spent by the government on services, projects, and benefits

    “Many economists argue for targeted public spending on education.”

17. 17

    hold a referendumverb phrase/həʊld ə ˌrefəˈrɛndəm/

    to organise a public vote so that citizens decide on an important political question

    “The government decided to hold a referendum on the constitution.”

18. 18

    judicial systemnoun/dʒuːˈdɪʃəl ˈsɪstəm/

    the system of courts and judges that interprets and applies the law

    “Reforming the judicial system is often proposed to reduce corruption.”

19. 19

    social cohesionnoun phrase/ˌsəʊʃəl kəʊˈhiːʒən/

    the degree to which members of a society feel connected and cooperate with each other

    “Improving education can strengthen social cohesion.”

20. 20

    public housingnoun phrase/ˌpʌblɪk ˈhaʊzɪŋ/

    residential accommodation provided or subsidised by the government for people with low incomes

    “The city invested in public housing to help low‑income families.”