Science & Research

20 words

1. 1

   randomadj/ˈrændəm/

   happening or chosen without a definite plan or pattern

   “The students were placed into groups at random to make the test fair.”

2. 2

   statisticsnoun (plural)/stəˈtɪs.tɪks/

   numbers or facts collected and analysed; the subject that studies collecting and interpreting numbers

   “National statistics show a steady rise in urban population.”

3. 3

   publishv/ˈpʌblɪʃ/

   to prepare and issue written work (such as research or articles) for public access, especially in journals or books

   “The team plans to publish their results in a peer‑reviewed journal next year.”

4. 4

   significantadjective/sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kənt/

   important or meaningful; in research often means statistically meaningful

   “There was a significant improvement after the training programme.”

5. 5

   participantnoun/pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.pənt/

   a person who takes part in a study, survey, or experiment

   “Each participant completed a short questionnaire before the test.”

6. 6

   quantitativeadjective/ˈkwɒn.tɪ.tə.tɪv/

   relating to numbers or amounts; research that uses numerical measurement

   “We carried out a quantitative survey of 1,000 households.”

7. 7

   qualitativeadjective/ˈkwɒl.ɪ.tə.tɪv/

   relating to descriptions or qualities rather than numbers; research that focuses on meanings and experiences

   “The study used qualitative interviews to explore people's experiences.”

8. 8

   literaturenoun (uncountable)/ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/

   the body of written works on a subject; published research or writings used as references

   “A literature review summarises previous studies on the topic.”

9. 9

   validitynoun/vəˈlɪdɪti/

   the degree to which a test or study measures what it claims to measure

   “They questioned the validity of the answers because the questions were leading.”

10. 10

    reliabilitynoun/rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti/

    the extent to which a measure or test produces consistent results over time

    “The reliability of the questionnaire was tested with a pilot sample.”

11. 11

    correlationnoun/ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/

    a statistical relationship between two or more things; it does not by itself prove one causes the other

    “There is a strong correlation between exercise and mental health.”

12. 12

    ethicsnoun/ˈɛθɪks/

    moral principles that guide conduct in research or professional practice

    “The research proposal was rejected because it did not meet basic ethics.”

13. 13

    replicateverb/ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

    to repeat a study or experiment to see whether the same results can be produced

    “Several labs tried to replicate the experiment but failed.”

14. 14

    outliernoun/ˈaʊtˌlaɪə/

    a data point that is very different from the rest of a dataset and may distort analysis

    “One outlier in the dataset made the mean much higher than the median.”

15. 15

    trendnoun/trɛnd/

    a general direction in which something is changing over time

    “There is a clear trend towards renewable energy.”

16. 16

    outcomenoun/ˈaʊtkʌm/

    the result or end effect of an experiment, treatment, or process

    “The primary outcome was a reduction in hospital admissions.”

17. 17

    protocolnoun/ˈprəʊtəkɒl/

    a formal written plan or set of rules describing how a study or procedure should be carried out

    “The trial protocol was submitted to the ethics committee before the study began.”

18. 18

    interventionnoun/ˌɪntəˈvɛnʃ(ə)n/

    a deliberate action or treatment introduced in a study to produce an effect

    “The educational intervention significantly improved children's reading scores.”

19. 19

    placebonoun/pləˈsiːbəʊ/

    an inactive substance given to a control group in clinical trials to compare effects

    “Participants in the control group were given a placebo.”

20. 20

    baselinenoun/ˈbeɪslaɪn/

    initial measurements taken before an intervention used as a reference for comparison

    “Researchers collected baseline data on participants' diets before the program started.”