grammar · neutral
to have been + past participle
Perfect passive infinitive: used after reporting verbs or expressions to say a passive action happened before the main event.
Examples
“He is believed to have been involved in the project.”
“The company is said to have been fined last year.”
“She was reported to have been appointed to the committee.”
Band 8 sentence
“Many leading experts are thought to have been consulted before the final policy was released.”
Collocations
- is believed to have been
- was reported to have been
Common mistakes
He is believed to be involved previously.→He is believed to have been involved previously.
She was said to be appointed last month.→She was said to have been appointed last month.
Say it for a higher band
5to be + past participle→6to be + past participle (wrong timing)→7+to have been + past participle
Easily confused
to be + past participle
“He is expected to be promoted next year.”
Related words
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In The passive
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