grammar · academic
N + V-ing
A reduced relative clause using the present participle to describe a noun (e.g. students waiting = students who are waiting).
Examples
“Students waiting outside must show their ID.”
“People working in that company are mostly young.”
“The report published last week received lots of attention.”
Band 8 sentence
“Candidates waiting for the interview were advised to review their notes quietly.”
Collocations
- students waiting for
- people living in
Common mistakes
The students who waiting outside are late.→The students waiting outside are late.
The students waiting outside they are late.→The students waiting outside are late.
Say it for a higher band
5who + V→6who + be + V-ing→7+N + V-ing
Easily confused
reduced V-ing vs full relative clause
“Students waiting outside are late.”
Related words
Learn this word with the rest of its set, and get reminded at the right time.
In Relative clauses
Learn it with its set