grammar · neutral

N + having + V3

Band 4-5task2speaking

A perfect participle clause used to show that the action was completed before the main action (e.g. students having completed the course...).

Examples

“Students having completed the course may apply for the certificate.”

“Having finished the survey, the team prepared the report.”

“Researchers having analysed the data presented their findings.”

Band 8 sentence

“Researchers having completed the preliminary analysis proposed further experiments.”

Collocations

  • having completed the
  • having analysed the data

Common mistakes

Students having completed the course they can apply.→Students having completed the course can apply.

Having finished the survey, the report was prepared.→Having finished the survey, the team prepared the report.

Say it for a higher band

5who finished→6after finishing→7+N + having + V3

Easily confused

having + V3 vs V-ing

“Having finished the test, she left the room.”

Related words

defining vs non-defining relative clauses (use of commas and that/which/who), who + Vthe + superlative + N + (that) + S + Veach of whom + V, which is why + S + VIndefinite pronouns + who/that + V (someone/anyone/anything + who/that)the majority of + N + who + Vthose who + V

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In Relative clauses

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