Relative clauses

20 words

1. 1

   N + such as + Ngrammar

   Use after a noun to give specific examples (e.g. cities such as Hanoi and Da Nang).

   “Many urban problems, such as traffic congestion and air pollution, affect residents' quality of life.”

2. 2

   one of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

   used after a noun phrase referring to people to give more information about one person from that group

   “I invited five colleagues to the seminar, one of whom is a renewable-energy expert.”

3. 3

   There + be + N + who/that + Vgrammar

   Used to say that some people or things exist and do something or have a quality.

   “There are students who study late into the night.”

4. 4

   all of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

   used to state that every person in a previously mentioned group has a certain quality or did something

   “They interviewed eight applicants, all of whom had advanced degrees.”

5. 5

   the same + N + as + N / the same + N + (that) + S + Vgrammar

   Use to state that two things are identical (e.g. the same book as mine / the same book that I bought last year).

   “My phone is the same model as hers.”

6. 6

   both of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

   used after a noun phrase to give extra information about two people from that group

   “I met two former teachers, both of whom now work abroad.”

7. 7

   none of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

   used to state that no one among a previously mentioned group has a certain quality or did something

   “We contacted ten alumni, none of whom replied.”

8. 8

   most of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

   used to indicate that the majority of people in a previously mentioned group have a certain characteristic or did something

   “They surveyed 200 households, most of whom supported the new policy.”

9. 9

   The number of + N + who/that + Vgrammar

   Refers to the quantity of people/things that do something; note grammar: 'the number of' + plural noun but verb often singular ('is').

   “The number of students who apply each year is increasing.”

10. 10

    some of whom + Vphrase (relative clause)

    used to indicate that a subset of people in a previously mentioned group have a certain trait or did something

    “They invited twenty experts, some of whom disagreed with the proposal.”

11. 11

    The only + N + who/that + Vgrammar

    Used to emphasise that a single person or thing in a group is the one that does something.

    “She was the only student who answered every question.”

12. 12

    Every + N + who + Vgrammar

    Used to state that each member of a group does something or has a property.

    “Every student who applied received a reply.”

13. 13

    the fact that + S + Vgrammar

    a phrase used to introduce a statement of fact; a noun phrase followed by a clause.

    “The fact that he arrived on time surprised everyone.”

14. 14

    No + N + who + Vgrammar

    Used to say that there is not a single person/thing that does something.

    “No student who cheated passed the exam.”

15. 15

    the reason that + S + Vgrammar

    used to introduce an explanation of cause or motive; links 'reason' to a clause.

    “The reason that he resigned was pressure from his manager.”

16. 16

    The + ordinal + N + who/that + Vgrammar

    Used to identify a person/thing by their position in an order and then add a relative clause describing them.

    “The first student who spoke had an interesting point.”

17. 17

    the way + S + Vgrammar

    used to describe the manner in which something happens or is done; followed by a clause.

    “I like the way she explains difficult ideas simply.”

18. 18

    as + S + Vgrammar

    'as' links a clause meaning 'in the way that' or 'as was mentioned'; used before a clause (not a noun phrase as 'like' does).

    “Do as I said, not as I did.”

19. 19

    something that + S + Vgrammar

    used to refer to an object/thing followed by a restrictive clause (not for people; use 'someone who' for people).

    “I need something that will keep me busy during the holidays.”

20. 20

    all that + S + Vgrammar

    used to mean 'everything which' or 'all the things that' followed by a clause.

    “All that he wanted was a quiet place to study.”